The Healthcare System
This section presents literature and information on healthcare disparities in Canada, highlighting inequities in access, treatment, and health outcomes
Research articles
Adrien, A., Boivin, J. F., Hankins, C., Leaune, V., Tousignant, Y., & Tremblay, J. (1993). Use of qualitative and quantitative methods to study attitudes related to AIDS among Montrealers of Haitian origin. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8358695/
Adrien, A., Leaune, V., Remis, R. S., Boivin, J. F., Rud, E., Duperval, R., & Noël, G. E. (1999). Migration and HIV: an epidemiological study of Montrealers of Haitian origin. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 10(4), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462991914005
Aiko Bruce, A., Witol, A., Alvadj-Korenic, T., Mayan, M., Greenslade, H., Plaha, M., & Venner, M. A. (2018). “A complex interface: Exploring sickle cell disease from a parent’s perspective, after moving from Sub-Saharan Africa to North America”. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 35(7-8), 373-384. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08880018.2018.1541949
Alidina, Z., Wormsbecker, A. E., Urquia, M., MacGillivray, J., Taerk, E., Yudin, M. H., & Campbell, D. M. (2016). HIV prophylaxis in high-risk newborns: an examination of sociodemographic factors in an inner city context. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2016(1), 2782786. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2782786
Alidina, Z., Wormsbecker, A. E., Urquia, M., MacGillivray, J., Taerk, E., Yudin, M. H., & Campbell, D. M. (2016). HIV Prophylaxis in High-Risk Newborns: An Examination of Sociodemographic Factors in an Inner-City Context. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology, 2016, 2782786–2782789. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2782786
Allen, U. D., Barton, M., Upton, J., Bailey, A., Campigotto, A., Abdulnoor, M., … & seroMARK Research Group Appelt Pamela Awuku Mark Bailey Paul Collins Janet Gebremikael Liben Gumb Jenny Mengesha Tesfai Patterson Adaoma Prescod Cheryl Richardson Noelle Thompson Sylvanus Welch Nicole. (2024). Disproportionate Rates of COVID-19 Among Black Canadian Communities: Lessons from a Cross-Sectional Study in the First Year of the Pandemic. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01903-z
Amin, M., & Perez, A. (2012). Is the wait-for-patient-to-come approach suitable for African newcomers to Alberta, Canada? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 40(6), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00698.x
Anderson, K. K., McKenzie, K. J., & Kurdyak, P. (2017). Examining the impact of migrant status on ethnic differences in mental health service use preceding a first diagnosis of schizophrenia. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 52, 949-961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1403-z
Antoniou, T., Zagorski, B., Macdonald, E. M., Bayoumi, A. M., Raboud, J., Brophy, J., Masinde, K.-I., Tharao, W. E., Yudin, M. H., Ng, R., Loutfy, M. R., & Glazier, R. H. (2014). Trends in live birth rates and adverse neonatal outcomes among HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada, 2002–2009: a descriptive population-based study. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 25(13), 960–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414526861
Archie, S., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Norman, R., Malla, A., Roy, P., & Zipursky, R. B. (2010). Ethnic diversity and pathways to care for a first episode of psychosis in Ontario. Schizophrenia bulletin, 36(4), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn137
Auger, N., Chery, M., & Daniel, M. (2012). Rising Disparities in Severe Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Haitians in Québec, Canada, 1981–2006. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9460-y
Baffour, T. D., & Chonody, J. M. (2009). African-American women’s conceptualizations of health disparities: a community-based participatory research approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(3-4), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9260-x
Baidoobonso, S., Bauer, G. R., Speechley, K. N., Lawson, E., & BLACCH Study Team (2016). Social and Proximate Determinants of the Frequency of Condom Use Among African, Caribbean, and Other Black People in a Canadian City: Results from the BLACCH Study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-9984-z
Bailey, A., Bailey, R., Newman, G., Barrett, A., Nguyen, M., & Lindsay, J. (2023). Deconstructing the Trauma-Altered Identity of Black Men. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00526-0
Beagan, B. L., & Chapman, G. E. (2012). Meanings of food, eating and health among African Nova Scotians:‘certain things aren’t meant for Black folk’. Ethnicity & health, 17(5), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2012.661844
Beiser, M., Taa, B., Fenta-Wube, H., Baheretibeb, Y., Pain, C., & Araya, M. (2012). A comparison of levels and predictors of emotional problems among preadolescent Ethiopians in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Toronto, Canada. Transcultural psychiatry, 49(5), 651-677. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461512457155
Binet, A., & Kooh, S. W. (1996). Persistence of vitamin D-deficiency rickets in Toronto in the 1990s. Canadian journal of public health= Revue canadienne de sante publique, 87(4), 227-230. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8870299/
Bitnun, A., Lee, T., Brophy, J., Samson, L. M., Kakkar, F., Vaudry, W., Tan, B., Money, D. M., Singer, J., Sauvé, L. J., & Alimenti, A. (2018). Missed opportunities for prevention of vertical HIV transmission in Canada, 1997-2016: a surveillance study. CMAJ Open, 6(2), E202–E210. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20180016
Blanchet, R., Sanou, D., Nana, C. P., Pauzé, E., Batal, M., & Giroux, I. (2017). Strategies and Challenges in Recruiting Black Immigrant Mothers for a Community-Based Study on Child Nutritional Health in Ottawa, Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(2), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0536-6
Brassard, P., & Remis, R. S. (1999). Incidence of tuberculosis among reported AIDS cases in Quebec from 1979 to 1996. CMAJ, 160(13), 1838-1842. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/160/13/1838.short
Brassard, P., & Remis, R. S. (1999). Incidence of tuberculosis among reported AIDS cases in Quebec from 1979 to 1996. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 160(13), 1838–1842. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10405668/
Broder, H. L., & Wilson-Genderson, M. (2007). Reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP Child’s version). Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 35(s1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.0002.x
Brown, C., Langille, D., Tanner, J., & Asbridge, M. (2014). Health-compromising behaviors among a multi-ethnic sample of Canadian high school students: risk-enhancing effects of discrimination and acculturation. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 13(2), 158–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2013.852075
Bui, Y. G., Trépanier, S., Milord, F., Blackburn, M., Provost, S., & Gagnon, S. (2011). Cases of malaria, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever among VFRs, Quebec (Canada). Journal of travel medicine, 18(6), 373-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00556.x
Cénat, J. M. , Kogan, C. , Noorishad, P.-G. , Hajizadeh, S. , Dalexis, R. D. , Ndengeyingoma, A. , & Guerrier, M. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of depression among Black individuals in Canada: The major role of everyday racial discrimination. Depression Anxiety, 38, 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23158
Cénat, J. M., Blais, M., Lavoie, F., Caron, P.-O., & Hébert, M. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and substance use among Quebec high schools’ students: The mediating role of psychological distress. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.014
Cénat, J. M., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Kogan, C. S., & Guerrier, M. (2023). Prevalence of current PTSD symptoms among a sample of black individuals aged 15 to 40 in Canada: The major role of everyday racial discrimination, racial microaggressions, and internalized racism. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 68(3), 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221128462
Cénat, J. M., Dromer, É., Auguste, E., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Kogan, C. S., & Guerrier, M. (2023). Frequency and Factors Related to Substance Use Among Black Individuals Aged 15–40 Years Old in Canada: The Role of Everyday Racial Discrimination. Psychololgy of Addictive Behaviors, 37(5), 695-708. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000913
Cénat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., & Dalexis, R. D. (2023). Prevalence and determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Black individuals in Canada in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 326, 115341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115341
Cénat, J. M., Kouamou, L. N., Moshirian Farahi, S. M. M., Darius, W. P., Dalexis, R. D., Charles, M., & Kogan, C. S. (2022). Perceived racial discrimination, psychosomatic symptoms, and resilience among Black individuals in Canada: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 163, 111053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111053
Cénat, J. M., Moshirian Farahi, S. M. M., Bakombo, S. M., Dalexis, R. D., Pongou, R., Caulley, L., Yaya, S., Etowa, J., & Venkatesh, V. (2023). Vaccine mistrust among Black individuals in Canada: The major role of health literacy, conspiracy theories, and racial discrimination in the healthcare system. Journal of Medical Virology, 95(4), e28738. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28738
Cénat, J. M., Moshirian Farahi, S. M. M., Broussard, C., & Dalexis, R. D. (2024). The state of COVID-19 vaccine confidence and need in Black individuals in Canada: Understanding the role of sociodemographic factors, health literacy, conspiracy theories, traumatic stressors and racial discrimination. Vaccine, 42(4), 960–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.048
Chan, A., Pullen Sansfaçon, A., & Saewyc, E. (2023). Experiences of discrimination or violence and health outcomes among Black, Indigenous and People of Colour trans and/or nonbinary youth. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(5), 2004–2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15534
Claydon, J. E., Mitton, C., Sankaran, K., & Lee, S. K. (2007). Ethnic differences in risk factors for neonatal mortality and morbidity in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Perinatology, 27(7), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211766
Corriveau-Bourque, C., & Bruce, A. A. K. (2015). The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Hemoglobinopathy Patients in Northern Alberta, Canada. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 37(8), 595-599. https://doi.org/10.1097/mph.0000000000000442
Darko, N. A., Wilson, C. L., & Oliver, V. (2024). “We are mothers, sisters, and lovers too”: Examining young Black women’s experiences navigating sex and sexual health. American Journal of Community Psychology, pp. 1-14. DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12753
Daroya, E., Grey, C., Lessard, D., Klassen, B., Skakoon-Sparling, S., Gaspar, M., Perez-Brumer, A., Adam, B., Lachowsky, N. J., Moore, D., Sang, J. M., Lambert, G., Hart, T. A., Cox, J., Jollimore, J., Tan, D. H. S., & Grace, D. (2023). ‘I did not have sex outside of our bubble’: changes in sexual practices and risk reduction strategies among sexual minority men in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 25(9), 1147–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2139414
Davis, A. N., Gahagan, J. C., & George, C. (2013). “Everyone just keeps their eyes closed and their fingers crossed”: sexual health communication among black parents and children in Nova Scotia, Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 12, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-55
Deveci, A. C., Gurnani, M., Wolfe-Wylie, M. C., Regina, A., Cordeiro, K., Dave, M. G., Mahmud, F. H., & Hamilton, J. (2024). Looking at Diabetes Through Different Lenses: Focus Groups Conducted with Somali Canadian Families and Their Health-care Providers. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 48(2), 112-119.e113. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.11.004
Djiadeu, P., Smith, M. D. R., Kushwaha, S., Odhiambo, A. J., Absalom, D., Husbands, W., Tharao, W., Regan, R., Sa, T., Zhang, N., Kaul, R., & Nelson, L. E. (2020). Social, Clinical, and Behavioral Determinants of HIV Infection and HIV Testing among Black Men in Toronto, Ontario: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 19, 2325958220934613. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958220934613
Ducharme, F. M., Smyrnova, A., Lawson, C. C., & Miles, L. M. (2022). Reference values for respiratory sinusoidal oscillometry in children aged 3 to 17 years. Pediatric pulmonology, 57(9), 2092-2102. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25984
Etowa, J., Kakuru, D. M., Gebremeskel, A., Etowa, E. B., & Kohoun, B. (2022). De-problematizing masculinity among heterosexual African, Caribbean, and Black male youth and men. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 113(4), 611-621. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00596-3
Ferrari, M., Flora, N., Anderson, K. K., Tuck, A., Archie, S., Kidd, S., & McKenzie, K. (2015). The African, Caribbean and European (ACE) Pathways to Care study: a qualitative exploration of similarities and differences between African-origin, Caribbean-origin and European-origin groups in pathways to care for psychosis. BMJ open, 5(1), e006562. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006562
Ford-Jones, E. L., Wang, E., Petric, M., Corey, P., Moineddin, R., & Fearon, M. (2000). Hospitalization for community-acquired, rotavirus-associated diarrhea: a prospective, longitudinal, population-based study during the seasonal outbreak. The Greater Toronto Area/Peel Region PRESI Study Group. Pediatric Rotavirus Epidemiology Study for Immunization. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(6), 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.6.578
Gipson, D. S., Troost, J. P., Spino, C., Attalla, S., Tarnoff, J., Massengill, S., Lafayette, R., Vega-Warner, V., Adler, S., Gipson, P., Elliott, M., Kaskel, F., Fermin, D., Moxey-Mims, M., Fine, R. N., Brown, E. J., Reidy, K., Tuttle, K., Gibson, K., … Trachtman, H. (2022). Comparing Kidney Health Outcomes in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. JAMA Network Open, 5(8), e2228701–e2228701. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28701
Gold, J. H., Garner, J. B., Murphy, D., & Weldon, K. L. (1980). Youth in Transition: Youth in Transition: Mental Health Problems of Black and Micmac Students at Dalhousie University. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378002500110
Grégoire-Pelchat, P., Alos, N., Ribault, V., Pastore, Y., Robitaille, N., & Mailhot, G. (2018). Vitamin D Intake and Status of Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Montreal, Canada. Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, 40(8), e531-e536. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001306
Griener, T. P., Naugler, C., Chan, W. W., & Church, D. L. (2018). Sociodemographic correlates of urine culture test utilization in Calgary, Alberta. BMC urology, 18, (1) 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-018-0315-x
Guthrie, J. L., Delli Pizzi, A., Roth, D., Kong, C., Jorgensen, D., Rodrigues, M., Tang, P., Cook, V. J., Johnston, J., & Gardy, J. L. (2018). Genotyping and Whole-Genome Sequencing to Identify Tuberculosis Transmission to Pediatric Patients in British Columbia, Canada, 2005-2014. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(7), 1155–1163. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy278
Hamilton, H. A., Owusu-Bempah, A., Boak, A., & Mann, R. E. (2018). Ethnoracial differences in cannabis use among native-born and foreign-born high school students in Ontario. Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse, 17(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1312655
Hanna, T. A., Ahmed, A., Vincent, R., Coulibaly, K. S., Ahmed, Y., Petrick, R., Vincent, E., Hafid, M. E., Hawkes, M. T., Ravi, S., & Gnidehou, S. (2022). Gaps in knowledge and practices of malaria prevention in Francophone African immigrants in Metropolitan Edmonton. Malaria Journal, 21(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04210-w
Hassan, O., Genoe, M. R., Salm, T., Kikulwe, D., & Johnson, S. (2021). Barriers and Facilitators of Active Living: Experiences of Recently Immigrated West African Children in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society, 11(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v11i02/103-120
Haw, J., Walrond, J., Jayachandran, J., Dordunoo, D., Eche-Ameh, H., Muwhen, U., Phiri, P., Rastogi, J., & Tinga, B. (2023). Sickle cell disease and the need for blood: Barriers to donation for African, Caribbean, and Black young adults in Canada. Transfusion, 63(7), 1324–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.17396
Hiraki, L. T., Benseler, S. M., Tyrrell, P. N., Harvey, E., Hebert, D., & Silverman, E. D. (2009). Ethnic differences in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of rheumatology, 36(11), 2539-2546. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.081141
Hiraki, L. T., Benseler, S. M., Tyrrell, P. N., Harvey, E., Hebert, D., & Silverman, E. D. (2009). Ethnic differences in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology, 36(11), 2539–2546. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.081141
Huculak, M. A., & Peckmann, T. R. (2012). In vivo facial tissue depth study of African Nova Scotian children. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 45(3), 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2012.10757186
Husbands, W., Lawson, D. O., Etowa, E. B., Mbuagbaw, L., Baidoobonso, S., Tharao, W., … & Etowa, J. (2022). Black Canadians’ exposure to everyday racism: implications for health system access and health promotion among urban Black communities. Journal of Urban Health, 99(5), 829-841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w
Isayama, T., Lee, S. K., Yang, J., Lee, D., Daspal, S., Dunn, M., Shah, P. S., & Canadian Neonatal Network and Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network Investigators (2017). Revisiting the Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Effect of Changing Panoply of Respiratory Support for Preterm Neonates. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4141
Jani, P., Song, N., Artna, E., Lyeo, J., Assam, A., Maelzer, F., Murphy, A., Grant, A., & Archie, S. (2022). Online Knowledge Translation Program Involving Video Games and University Student-Led Tutorials About Cannabis and Psychosis for Black Youth: Mixed Method Feasibility Study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(6), e33693. https://doi.org/10.2196/33693
Jankovic, J., Coffey, B., Claassen, D. O., Jimenez-Shahed, J., Gertz, B. J., Garofalo, E. A., Stamler, D. A., Wieman, M., Savola, J. M., Gordon, M. F., Alexander, J., Barkay, H., & Harary, E. (2021). Safety and Efficacy of Flexible-Dose Deutetrabenazine in Children and Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2128204. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28204
Jensen, J. T., Kaunitz, A. M., Achilles, S. L., Zatik, J., Weyers, S., Piltonen, T., Suturina, L., Apolikhina, I., Bouchard, C., Chen, M. J., Apter, D., Jost, M., Foidart, J. M., & Creinin, M. D. (2022). Pooled efficacy results of estetrol/drospirenone combined oral contraception phase 3 trials. Contraception, 116, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2022.07.009
Kakalia, S., Sochett, E. B., Stephens, D., Assor, E., Read, S. E., & Bitnun, A. (2011). Vitamin D supplementation and CD4 count in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The Journal of Pediatrics, 159(6), 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.010
Kengneson, C. C., Blanchet, R., Sanou, D., Batal, M., Phillips, K. P., & Giroux, I. (2021). Maternal perceptions and concerns about children’s weight status and diet quality: a study among Black immigrant families. Public health nutrition, 25(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021004729
Kerr, J., Northington, T., Sockdjou, T., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2018). Perceived neighborhood quality and HIV- related stigma among African diasporic youth; results from the African, Caribbean, and black youth (ACBY) study. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 29(2), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2018.0049
Khalil, C., Goldfarb, R., Travers, R., & Coleman, T. (2021). HIV risk in African, Caribbean and Black youth: perceptions of community leaders in the Windsor-Sussex Region. University of Toronto Medical Journal, 98(3), 38 44. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368909579_HIV_risk_in_African_Caribbean_and_Black_youth_perceptions_of_community_leaders_in_the_Windsor-Sussex_Region
Khalil, N. J., & Allard, R. (2012). Examining the Association Between Neighbourhood Characteristics and Gonorrhea Rates Among Women Aged 15 to 24 Years in Montreal, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 103(5), e390–e394. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404448
Khan, M., MacEntee, K., Kiptui, R., Van Berkum, A., Oudshoorn, A., Ayuku, D. O., Apondi, E., Lee, E. O. J., Abramovich, A., MacDonald, S. A., & Braitstein, P. (2022). Barriers to and facilitators of accessing HIV services for street-involved youth in Canada and Kenya. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1901. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14290-7
Knight, S., Jarvis, G. E., Ryder, A. G., Lashley, M., & Rousseau, C. (2022). Ethnoracial differences in coercive referral and intervention among patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 73(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000715
Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Daemi, M., Jang, S. L., Johnston, N., & Sharma, S. (2019). Prevalence of known risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in multiethnic urban youth in Edmonton: findings from the WHY ACT NOW project. Canadian journal of diabetes, 43(3), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.10.002
Konkor, I., Mkandawire, P., Antabe, R., Luginaah, I., Husbands, W., Wong, J., Lawson, E., Etowa, J., Omorodion, F., & McIntosh, M. D. (2021). Sexual Debut Among Heterosexual Men of African and Caribbean Descent: Are the Youth Initiating Sex Earlier than the Older Generation? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(6), 2359–2369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01855-z
Lebenbaum, M., Stukel, T. A., Saunders, N. R., Lu, H., Urquia, M., Kurdyak, P., & Guttmann, A. (2021). Association of source country gender inequality with experiencing assault and poor mental health among young female immigrants to Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 739. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10720-0
Lee-Foon, N. K., Logie, C. H., Siddiqi, A., & Grace, D. (2021). “I just trust what Google says, it’s the Bible”: Exploring young, Black gay and other men who have sex with men’s evaluation of sexual health information sources in Toronto, Canada. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 29(3), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2020-0026
Lee-Foon, N., George, C., Gahagan, J., Etowa, J., & Weaver, R. (2018). Minding the gap: health and social care provider perceptions of parental communication and Black-Canadian youths’ sexual health. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(12), 1347–1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1435905
Lieberman, L., Kirby, M., Ozolins, L., Mosko, J., & Friedman, J. (2009). Initial presentation of unscreened children with sickle cell disease: The Toronto experience. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 53(3), 397-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.22023
Lieberman, L., Kirby, M., Ozolins, L., Mosko, J., & Friedman, J. (2009). Initial presentation of unscreened children with sickle cell disease: the Toronto experience. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 53(3), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.22023
Logie, C. H., Okumu, M., Ryan, S., Yehdego, D. M., & Lee-Foon, N. (2018). Adapting and pilot testing the Healthy Love HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention intervention with African, Caribbean and Black women in community-based settings in Toronto, Canada. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 29(8), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418754971
Luginaah, N. A., Konkor, I., Lawson, E. S., Mkandawire, P., Husbands, W., Omorodion, F., Etowa, J., Antabe, R., & Wong, J. (2022). Concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV testing among heterosexual Black men in Ontario, Canada: findings from the weSpeak study. Ethnicity & Health, 27(8), 1825–1840. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2021.1976395
MacKinnon, K. R., Kia, H., Salway, T., Ashley, F., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Abramovich, A., Enxuga, G., & Ross, L. E. (2022). Health Care Experiences of Patients Discontinuing or Reversing Prior Gender-Affirming Treatments. JAMA network open, 5(7), e2224717. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24717
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Oble, A., Owens, B., Thulien, N., & Suleiman, A. (2022). “I feel like I’m in a revolving door, and COVID has made it spin a lot faster”: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada. PloS One, 17(8), e0273502. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273502
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Reports
Black Kids’ Health (n.d). Evidence-based health information for you and your family.https://black.kidshealthnetwork.org/
Black Health Equity Working Group. (2021). Engagement, Governance, Access, and Protection (EGAP). A Data Governance Framework for Health Data Collected from Black Communities in Ontario. https://blackhealthequity.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Report_EGAP_framework.pdf
Black Health Alliance. (2020). Racism and Health: A Brief Report on the Impact of Anti-Black Racism on the Health and Wellbeing of Black Communities in Canada. Retrieved from https://blackhealthalliance.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Black-Health-Alliance-Racism-and-Health-Report-Final.pdf
Black Health Alliance .(2005). How Do Scarborough’s Black Youth Access the Health Care System? Retrieved from? https://blackhealthalliance.ca/wp-content/uploads/BHA_Black_Youth_and_Health_Care_Access.pdf
Government of Canada. (2020). Social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians: A snapshot. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health/social-determinants-inequities-black-canadians-snapshot.html
Government of Canada. (2023). Anti-Black racism in the early years: The experiences of Black families and early childhood educators in Nova Scotia. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-43-no-8-2023/anti-black-racism-early-years-experiences-black-families-early-childhood-educators-nova-scotia.html
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). (2021). Research snapshot: Canadian Black children and youth face many barriers to accessing mental healthcare. Retrieved from https://kmb.camh.ca/eenet/resources/research-snapshot-canadian-black-children-and-youth-mental-health-barriers
Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies. (2022). Understanding the over-representation of Black children in Ontario’s child welfare system: Findings from the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from https://www.oacas.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Black-Children-in-Care-OIS-Report-2022-Final.pdf
Videos
Health disparities among Black Canadians: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ocxw2Sdronk
The impact of anti-black racism on children and youth in Canada: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mI6qLJrM40w
Centering Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion into Child Health Research: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5O5vYoIb2E
An Examination of Health Equity in Canada: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkblzpb8luE
Documentaries
Being Black in Canada | Special Program: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnElRCTrMpw
Breakout Session 4: Black Mental Health in Canada: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B__RG0wtfk
The Epidemic Killing Black Children: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KMk5KATlRM
The Fight for Black Lives: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qjy7E7ucd8
